Freight transport is the backbone of India’s economy. It plays a critical role in ensuring a smooth flow of goods and services to satisfy the needs of businesses and consumers. India moves 4.6 billion tons of freight annually, and the trucking sector moves 70 percent of India’s freight. As distance traveled by trucks increases, reliance on fossil fuel vehicles will continue to worsen air pollution and public health, and increase CO₂ emissions and transportation costs.

Zero-emissions trucks (ZETs) — including battery-electric trucks and fuel-cell-electric trucks — can reduce air pollution and transportation costs while enhancing industrial competitiveness, benefiting both citizens and the Indian economy. Road freight accounts for more than 25 percent of annual oil imports. ZET adoption can avoid 838 billion liters of diesel consumption cumulatively by 2050, resulting in upward of $1.5 trillion of reduced oil expenditures. Widespread ZET adoption can reduce associated trucking particular matter and nitrous oxide pollution by nearly 40 percent by 2050, substantially improving air quality. Similarly, replacing diesel trucks with ZETs in India could eliminate up to 3.8 cumulative gigatons of carbon emissions between now and 2050 — one of the world’s most significant decarbonization opportunities in the transportation sector.

This report outlines the economic case for scaling ZET adoption and presents a blend of near-term and long-term strategies and solutions — including policy, financing, access to charging, and technology innovation — that can enable India to capitalize on the far-reaching benefits of a zero-emissions trucking future. The report also shows that the estimated total cost of ownership for medium-duty ZETs under a mature production scenario is lower than diesel trucks and could feasibly reach parity in the heavy-duty truck segment by 2027.

Globally, the ZET transition is underway; major conglomerates are electrifying their fleets, and countries have begun to focus on reducing emissions from the road freight sector. India has an opportunity to capitalize on the nascent ZET market and become a key player in the global transition to zero-emissions trucking.