The scope of utility functions can be either expansive or limited. Meanwhile, the total size of economic activity in the electricity sector may be larger in the future, providing growth opportunities even where proportional market share is less.

Countless individual decisions and compromises will ultimately determine the course of the utility. At every turn, utility program designers and regulators can evaluate proposals against key variables.

Based on the path being pursued and market conditions for specific programs, the best design can move left or right for each variable. Experience shows that the utility business cannot be remade overnight. But this is no excuse to not get started. Delaying action is to accept path dependency on the legacy business and regulatory model, which was built for different infrastructure investments and operating structures than where the grid needs to go today.